Israel has ordered the entire population of Gaza City to leave, as its forces prepare to capture the north of the Gaza Strip.

Israeli airstrikes have continued to destroy tower blocks, and the army says it now has operational control of 40% of the city, as ground forces prepare to fight what prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu has called the “last important stronghold” of Hamas.

Netanyahu this week said 100,000 people had left the city, but up to a million people are still living there – many in tents or shelters. Many of them say they will not – or cannot – leave.

After a strike hit a tower block near his home today, Ammar Sukkar called on Hamas negotiators to come and negotiate from a tent, not from air-conditioned rooms in Qatar – and insisted he would stay in the city.

“Whether you like it or not, Netanyahu, we’re not leaving,” he told a local freelancer working for the BBC. “Go and deal with Hamas, go and kill them. We’re not to blame. And even if we’re buried here, we’re not leaving. This is my land.”

Wael Shaban, also living near the tower that was targeted today, said they had been given 15 minutes to flee before the strike.

“When we came back, the tents, the flour, everything has gone. Nothing is left. It’s all to pressure us to go south, but we don’t have the money to go. We can’t even afford flour to eat. Transport to the south costs 1,500 shekels.”

Israel’s army is telling Gaza City residents that there is plenty of shelter, food and water in so-called humanitarian zones further south.

But aid organisations say the areas they are being sent to are already vastly overcrowded, and lack food and medical resources. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has said nowhere in Gaza can currently absorb such a large movement of people, describing the mass evacuation plan as “unfeasible” and “incomprehensible”.

Israel’s army is currently building a new aid distribution site near Rafah, 30km (18 miles) to the south. It says it’s also providing thousands of extra tents, and laying a new water pipeline from Egypt.

The BBC travelled to the area, as part of a military embed, to see the new site. It’s the first time the BBC has been allowed to enter Gaza at all since December 2023.

Military embeds are offered at Israel’s discretion, are highly controlled and offer no access to Palestinians or areas not under Israeli military control – but they are currently the only way for BBC journalists to enter Gaza at all.

Israel does not allow news organisations, including the BBC, into Gaza to report independently.

Rafah is a reminder of what happened the last time Israel’s prime minister sent his forces into a city to crush “the last stronghold” of Hamas.

Driving down the newly paved military road along Gaza’s border with Egypt, we pass the shattered remains of the old Rafah border crossing, the roof of one building cracked and pancaked on the ground.

Further along the road, known as the Philadelphi Corridor, discrete piles of masonry and splintered metal mapped where each house or farm building once stood.

The city of Rafah itself, close to the new aid site, has been all but flattened into the desert. Still and silent, its life erased; only a few pock-marked structures stick up from the sea of rubble strewn for kilometres across the sand.

It was easy to spot the new earth mounds and concrete blast blocks rising out of the rubble-filled landscape beyond it, near Tel el-Sultan.

A short drive from the main Kerem Shalom crossing point, the corner of the al-Mawasi humanitarian zone, where many displaced people are sheltering, is just visible up the coast.

“The whole idea is a safe, quick route,” said Israeli military spokesman, Lt Col Nadav Shoshani. “As short a distance as possible for the trucks and for the people coming in. We can guarantee 0% looting.”

We were shown two separate areas, each around 100m (328ft) wide, where Israeli forces said unloading and distribution could be carried out in a continuous loop.

Inside one perimeter wall, two US trucks were already parked on the sand.

Israel says the new aid distribution sites will be handed over to the Israeli-backed Gaza Humanitarian Foundation (GHF) in the coming days, and security here – as at other GHF sites – will be provided by private US security forces, with Israeli troops securing the area around.

But the UN says more than 1,100 people have been killed trying to access aid from GHF sites since they began operating in May.

Lt Col Shoshani said many lessons had been learned in how the sites were set up.

“You can see the sandbars, concrete walls, making it very clear where you’re supposed to go, and making sure people don’t approach troops and engage in a dangerous situation,” he said. “What’s [also] important is how close they are – just a very short walking distance to where the people are. That makes it easier, but also more safe.”

But some of those now being told to leave Gaza City say it won’t be any safer elsewhere, after repeated Israeli strikes on targets in shelters, tents and designated humanitarian zones.

“This is Hamas’s MO (Mode of Operation),” said Lt Col Shoshani. “It’s saying: no, don’t go, you’re our shields! Don’t move south!”

“A year ago, we carried out a similar operation [in Rafah] that was successful,” he said. “Civilians were able to get out of the line of fire, maximum Hamas terrorists dead, that is what we want to achieve in Gaza City.”

Rafah’s residents were evacuated before the ground operation there in May 2024 – “temporarily” the army said – to displacement zones set up along the coast. The area they left behind is still under full military control.

But evacuating Gaza City – and fighting Hamas in its tunnels and streets – will be a more difficult, and more dangerous, task.

Hamas fighters are increasingly turning to insurgency tactics and guerrilla attacks. Earlier this week, four Israeli soldiers were killed in an attack on the outskirts of Gaza City.

Israel’s leaders, meanwhile, are under intense pressure at home from hostage families, who say plans to take the city are a death sentence for living relatives being held there.

Benjamin Netanyahu – unmoved by the criticism at home – has previously boasted of his determination in staring down international opposition, and pressing ahead with his offensive in Rafah.

Now, with prospects of a ceasefire deal dead, and up to a million exhausted Gazans in the line of fire, he’s telling his critics that one more offensive stands between him and victory over Hamas.